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http://www.spectrumsignal.com/publications/beamform_primer.pdf
http://www.spectrumsignal.com 1 A Primer on Digital Beamforming Toby Haynes, Spectrum Signal Processing March 26, 1998 Introduction Beamforming is the
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combination of radio signals from a set of small non-directional antennas to simulate a large directional antenna. The simulated antenna can be pointed electronically, although the antenna does not physically move. In communications, beamforming is used to point an antenna at the signal source to reduce interference and improve communication quality. In direction finding applications, beamforming can be used to steer an antenna to determine the direction of the signal source. This introduction to beamforming covers the basic properties of antennas and antenna arrays, then explains how beamformers are built using digital radio hardware and DSP’s. Super-resolution direction finding is also explained. Antennas and Wavelength An antenna for a radio transmitter converts electrical signals on a cable, from the transmitter, into electromagnetic
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http://cnx.org/content/m12563/latest/
'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections directly in Connexions. 'My Favorites' can only be seen
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by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need a Connexions account to use 'My Favorites'. Definition of a lens Lenses A lens is a custom view of Connexions content. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see Connexions through the eyes of organizations and people you trust. What is in a lens? Lens makers point to Connexions materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content. Who can create a lens? Any individual Connexions member, a community, or a respected organization. What are tags? Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens. Rating system Ratings Ratings allow you to judge the quality of modules
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http://www.embedded.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=60401726
If you could squeeze two or three times more cellular telephone conversations into the same amount of bandwidth, how much would that be worth? To most
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wireless companies, the answer is, millions of dollars. The art and science of "beam forming" allows normal cellular towers to aim their radio waves at the right user instead of off in all directions. The result is more efficient use of bandwidth and more happy customers. In this article, FPGA design experts explain how beam forming works and how to implement it in standard FPGA chips. There are two constants in the cell-phone business: demand for higher data rates and demand for greater user capacity. Both depend on a unique factor known as spectrum efficiency, the ratio of information bits transmitted per amount of spectrum space used (usually expressed in bits/Hertz). Improving that efficiency generally involves tradeoffs between quality of service, power, and coverage. Figure 1: Nonsmart-antennas system Traditional omni-directional a
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